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Second Ward (also known as Segundo Barrio, Spanish for "second neighborhood",〔Lomax, John Nova. "(Houston 101: Sig Byrd, Houston's King of True-Life Noir )." ''Houston Press''. Friday November 20, 2009. Retrieved on September 4, 2012.〕 or Segundo in short〔Garza p. 15.〕) is a historical political district ward in the East End community in Houston, Texas. It was one of the four original wards of the city in the nineteenth century. The community known as the Second Ward today is roughly bounded by Buffalo Bayou to the north, Lockwood Avenue to the east, and railroad tracks to the south and west, although the City of Houston's "Super Neighborhood" program includes a section east of Lockwood.〔() .〕 The Second Ward today has mainly Mexican American residents.〔Davis, Rod. "(Houston's really good idea Bus tour celebrates communities that forged a city. )" ''San Antonio Express-News''. Sunday August 3, 2003. Travel 1M. Retrieved on February 11, 2012.〕 Many Mexican-Americans moved into the area following World War II and the subsequent white flight from the area. One of Houston's first master-planned communities, Eastwood, where Howard Hughes lived as a child, is located in this ward (). The northern end of the community is largely industrial, leading to massive warehouse complexes along the Bayou. There are also many industrial buildings, some of which have found new life as lofts, on the western edge of the neighborhood nearest to Downtown and Minute Maid Park. Many buildings in the community were constructed in the 1920s and bear the art deco style. While perceived as rundown and neglected in the 1970s and 1980s, recent years have seen major civic improvements including new street lights and pavement, as well as the beginnings of gentrification as professionals and others move from both the far-flung suburbs and other, more expensive Inner Loop neighborhoods. Residents of all ages frequent the Ripley House Community Center. The Second Ward is in the early stages of revitalization, drawing new residents with its proximity to downtown. ==History== Second Ward, along with Denver Harbor, was one of the first Mexican-American barrios in Houston. It began taking in Mexican immigrants in the early 1910s during the Mexican Revolution. At that time, three-fifths of the population there were Jewish, one-fifth African American, and one-fifth made up of a diversity of ethnicities, including Mexicans.〔Maria Cristina Garcia, ''Agents of Americanization: Rusk Settlement and the Houston Mexicano Community, 1907-1950'' (Texas Historical Association, 2000), p. 125.〕 When Mexican Americans began settling ''en masse'' in Houston, originally Mexicans settled the Second Ward. Jesus Jesse Esparza of ''Houston History'' magazine said that the Second Ward "quickly became the unofficial hub of their cultural and social life."〔Esparza, p. 2.〕 One of the first Mexican-American neighborhoods in the Second Ward was ''El Alacrán'' ("the scorpion"),〔 an area formerly occupied by German Americans that was once called "Schrimpf's Field." After the German Americans left, Mexican Americans moved into the houses, which were in poor condition.〔Esparza, p. 3.〕 By the 1920s, Mexicans became the majority in the neighborhood. Anglos, Jews, and blacks moved out of the Second Ward. A settlement house, a converted school for Mexican children, and two churches: Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church and the Mexican Methodist Episcopal Church, opened.〔Rodriguez, Nestor, p. (31 ).〕 After World War II, Mexicans began expanding and extended into the Old Third Ward passed Commerce Street. Thereafter, expansion continued and eventually socially merged with Magnolia Park to the southeast.〔Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr., ''Brown, Not White: School Integration and the Chicano Movement in Houston'' (Texas A&M Press, 2001), p. 4-6.〕 In 1992 former Mayor of Houston Bob Lanier proposed converting the former Milby Bus Barn site into a 59-family low income development which would have been called La Villa de las Flores (Spanish for "the Village of the Flowers"); the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas used the site as a bus barn from 1976 to 1983. In 1993 workers doing preliminary jobs discovered unused storage tanks, prompting testing for dangerous chemicals. Soil tests revealed petroleum and lead; the lead was 300 times the amount of safe concentration for a homeowner. Local residents received testing. The city began a cleanup in June 1993, replacing 58,300 cubic yards of topsoil and installing "groundwater recovery systems" to remove water contaminated with motor fuel and chlorinated solvents. Fugro Environmental Inc. reported to the City of Houston that the cleanup put the site in compliance with Environmental Protection Agency standards. In Summer 1999 the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission reported that the former Milby Bus Barn site was safe. By August 1999 the site remained vacant.〔Liskow, Samantha. "Paradise Lost." ''Houston Press''. August 26, 1999. (1 ). Retrieved on April 25, 2009.〕 In 2004 Felix Fraga, a former city council member, said that at one point in time, people kept moving out of the Second Ward.〔Kever, Jeannie. "(Pride lives on in city's six historical wards )." ''Houston Chronicle''. September 7, 2004. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.〕 By 2006 many lofts and townhouses were constructed in the Second Ward; this was the first time in history that the Second Ward had townhouses. Fraga said "I think people moving in will say they're moving into the Second Ward."〔 In 2007 several interns with the architecture firm SWA Group presented proposals on how to improve the Guadalupe Plaza area to the Greater East End Management District offices.〔Britt, Douglass. "(Urban design interns' projects target Second Ward )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Tuesday July 24, 2007. Retrieved on September 1, 2012.〕 In 2015 a group called the Brown Berets campaigned against gentrification of the Second Ward.〔Smith, Camilo. "(Houston Brown Berets waging a fight against gentrification in the Second Ward )" ((Archive )). ''La Voz de Houston''. August 13, 2015. Retrieved on August 14, 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second Ward, Houston」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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